click on images to enlarge Trinity Church, Wall Street (Episcopal) Broadway at Wall Street New York, N.Y. 10006 http://www.trinitywallstreet.org Organ Specifications: Present Church (since 1846): ► III/85d Marshall Ogletree Assoc., Op. 1 (2003) ► IV/153 Aeolian-Skinner, Op. 408-A,B,C (1958); Op. 408-D (1968) ► IV/71 Ernest M. Skinner Co., Op. 408 (1923) ► IV/56s Hook & Hastings, Op. 2168 (1907) – Gallery ► III/26 Hook & Hastings, Op. 1923 (1901) – Chancel ► II/17 Hall & Labagh (1864) – Chancel ► IV/37s Henry Erben (showing revisions to 1889) ► III/31s Henry Erben (1846) Second Church (1790-1839): ► III/19s Henry Holland (1791) First Church (1698-1790): ► III/25s John Snetzler (1764 or 1765) See also All Saints' Chapel. The first services in the original Trinity Church took place on March 13, 1698. There was no organ until the building was enlarged in 1737, after which John Klemm of Philadelphia built a three-manual instrument of 26 stops for the gallery in 1740. A stoplist for the Klemm organ has not been located. This instrument was replaced in 1764 or 1765 by a 25-stop organ built by John Snetzler of London; both the organ and church were destroyed by fire in 1776. A second church was built in 1787 and contained a three-manual organ of 19 stops by Henry Holland of London. By 1839, the building showed signs of structural weakness and was razed. The Holland organ was moved to the German Reformed Church on Norfolk Street in New York City. The present edifice was designed by Richard Upjohn in Perpendicular Gothic Style; Upjohn also designed the organ case and stained glass (which was fabricated on-site). Although the church was dedicated on Ascension Day in 1846, the Henry Erben organ was not completed until several months later; it was given a public hearing to crowds numbering in the thousands. The Erben organ was enlarged and changed several times in 1867, 1889, and 1907. A chancel organ was built by Hall and Labagh in 1864 to accompany the choir. In 1923, Ernest M. Skinner of Boston built an entirely new organ (Opus 408) of 64 stops, which had Nave and Chancel divisions, and was controlled by a large four-manual console in the chancel. The chancel divisions and console were installed first, and were dedicated in 1923. The nave (west gallery) divisions were installed following removal of the Erben, and the whole organ was dedicated in March, 1924. Skinner's Nave Organ retained several Erben stops — the 32' Open Wood, the Great Mixture III and the Swell Mixture V — and was installed behind the historic Erben case; the Chancel Organ was installed in a chamber behind the Labagh case on the south side of the choir. In 1928, after a trip to England, Skinner replaced several stops. In 1958, the Aeolian-Skinner Organ Company of Boston built a new console and made major tonal revisions, replacing 75% of the pipework and adding a Chancel Brustwerk division, but retaining most of the mechanisms and chests. When a free-standing altar was planned, removing the choir to the gallery, Aeolian-Skinner was contracted in 1968 to replace all mechanisms and structures not new in 1961, and to provide new ranks and a duplicate console for the gallery; they also repositioned divisions for optimum sound projection. Casavant Frerès of Canada was subcontracted by Aeolian-Skinner to provide the chassis and some chests for the new organ. The Erben 16' Open Wood (Diapason) was retained in the Pedal (the 32' octave was removed during the 1958 rebuild), and is now playable from the Gallery Great and Pedal divisions. A few original Skinner ranks were used in the new organ, while some of the Skinner Solo stops were given to Calvary Episcopal Church. Alec Wyton dedicated the new organ in 1970. At a later date, the chancel console was made moveable. On September 11, 2001, the World Trade Center towers were destroyed. Trinity Church, located about 600 feet away, was showered with debris, as were nearby St. Paul's Chapel and the church's office building. The buildings were subsequently cleaned, but the organs were deemed unusable. In 2003, the Aeolian-Skinner organs in Trinity Church were removed to storage. As a temporary longterm solution, Marshall Ogletree Associates, Inc., of Needham, MA, installed their all-digital Epiphany Organ, Opus 1, in 2003. Two consoles were provided: the gallery console was built by Klann Organ Supply of Waynesboro, Va. ; the chancel console was built by Fratelli Ruffatti Organs of Padua, Italy.       Chancel Console by Ruffatti Marshall Ogletree Associates, Inc. Needham, Mass. – Epiphany Opus 1 (2003) Solid State key and stop action Two 3-manual consoles, 85 duplicate digital stops Chancel console by Ruffatti; Gallery console by Klann               Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes 16   Contra Principal       Great Alternate Stop: 8   Principal   16   Bourdon 8   Gamba   8   Diapason 8   Bourdon   4   Gemshorn 8   Flûte Harmonique   2   Waldflöte 4   Octave   1 3/5   Tierce 4   Chimney Flute   5 1/3   Gross Cornet II ranks 2 2/3   Nazard   1   Terz Zimbel III ranks 2   Fifteenth   1/2   Scharff III-IV ranks 1 1/3   Mixture IV-V ranks         16   Posaune       Swell to Great 16, 8, 4 8   Trompete       Choir to Great 16, 8, 4  4   Klarine       Solo on Great 16, 8, 4      Tremulant       Bombarde on Great     Unison Off         8   Trompette des Tours                       Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes, expressive 16   Bourdon       Swell Alternate Stop: 8   Montre   32   Soubasse 8   Bourdon   16   Gambe 8   Salicional   8   Flûte Harmonique 8   Voix Celeste   8   Dulcet II ranks 8   Flûte Douces II ranks   8   Aeoline 4   Prestant   2   Octavin 4   Flûte Traversière   16   Fagot 2 2/3   Nazard   8   Echo Vox 2   Doublette         1 3/5   Tierce       Choir to Swell 16, 8, 4 2   Plein Jeu IV-V ranks       Solo on Swell 16, 8, 4 1   Cymbale IV ranks       Bombarde on Swell 16   Double Trumpet         8   Cornopean         8   Oboe         8   Vox Humana         4   Clarion             Tremulant             Swell 16, Unison Off, 4         8   Trompette des Tours                       Choir Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, expressive 8   Dulciana       Choir Alternate Stop: 8   Viola Pomposa   16   Quintäden 8   Viola Celeste   8   Singend Gedeckt 8   Klein Erzähler   8   Unda Maris II ranks 8   Erzähler Celeste   2   Zauberflöte 8   Nachthorn   1 1/7   Septième 4   Spitzprinzipal   1   Sifflöte 4   Koppelflöte   2 2/3   Cornet III ranks 2   Oktav   8   Cromorne 1 1/3   Quinteflöte         1   Mixtur IV ranks       Swell to Choir 16, 8, 4 2/5   Jeu de Clochette II ranks       Great to Choir 8 16   Basson       Solo on Choir 16, 8, 4  8   Trompette       Bombarde on Choir 8   Clarinet         4   Clairon             Tremulant             Choir 16, Unison Off, 4         8   Trompette des Tours                       Bombarde Organ (floating) – 61 notes 8   Major Diapason II ranks         2   Éclat VII-IX ranks         16   Contre Bombarde         8   Bombarde         4   Bombarde Clairon                       Solo Organ (floating) – 61 notes, expressive 8   Cello       Solo Alternate Stop: 8   Cello Celeste   16   Contre Gambes II ranks 8   Flauto Mirabilis   8   Voix des Anges II ranks 8   Tuba Major   4   Flûte Triangulaire 8   French Horn   8   Cornet V ranks 8   English Horn   16   Rankett     Tremulant   16, 8, 4   Anches Antiques             Chimes             Harp               Pedal Organ – 32 notes 32   Contre Basse       Pedal Alternate Stop: 32   Soubasse    16   Violoncelli III ranks 16   Principal   8   Gamba (Great) 16   Soubasse   5 1/3   Quinte 16   Violone   4   Koppelgedackt 16   Bourdon (Swell)   10 2/3   Harmonics IV ranks 16   Dulciana (Choir)   16   Fagot (Swell) 8   Octave   4   Rankett (Solo) 8   Gedeckt       Chimes (Solo) 4   Super Octave         2   Fourniture V ranks       Great to Pedal 8 32   Bombardon       Swell to Pedal 8, 4  16   Ophicleide       Choir to Pedal 8, 4   16   Posaune (Great)       Solo on Pedal 8, 4   16   Double Trumpet (Swell)       Bombarde on Pedal 16   Basson (Choir)         8   Tromba Controls (lighted pistons above Swell)   Auto Bass, Auto Melody, MIDI, Sostenuto, etc. 4   Clarion 8   Trompette des Tours   Aeolian-Skinner Organ Company, Inc. Boston, Mass. – Opus 408-A, 408-B and 408-C (1958); Opus 408-D (1968) Electro-pneumatic key and stop action Solid State Logic combination action (2 levels) Two 4-manual consoles, 153 ranks The Aeolian-Skinner organs were damaged by the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. In 2003, the organs were removed and stored. 1846 Henry Erben Organ Case                                 GALLERY ORGAN                 Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes 16   Sub Principal [orig. Erben] 61 4   Koppelflöte 61 8   Principal 61 2 2/3   Twelfth 61 8   Violone 61 2   Super Octave 61 8   Flute Harmonique 61     Fourniture IV ranks 244 8   Rohrflöte 61     Cymbale IV ranks 244 8   Erzähler 61 16   Sub Trumpet 61 4   Octave 61 8   Trumpet 61                 Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes, enclosed 16   Lieblich Gedeckt 73     Plein Jeu IV-V ranks ? 8   Principal 73     Cymbale II-IV ranks ? 8   Gedeckt 73 16   Hautbois 73 8   Salicional 73 8   Trompette 73 8   Voix Celeste 73 8   Hautbois [ext.] 12 8   Flute Celeste II ranks 110 8   Menschenstimme 73 4   Octave 73 4   Clairon 73 4   Harmonic Flute 73     Tremulant   2   Octavin 73             Cornett III ranks 183     Sostenuto [piston only]                   Choir Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, enclosed 8   Spitzgambe 61 2   Blockflöte 61 8   Rohrflöte 61 1 3/5   Tierce 61 4   Principal 61     Mixture IV ranks 244 4   Nachthorn 61     Tremulant   2 2/3   Nazard 61                         Positiv Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes 16   Quintadena 61 4/5   Terz 61 8   Praestant 61     Mixture IV ranks 244 8   Singend Gedeckt 61     Zimbel III ranks 183 4   Principal 61 16   Rankett 61 4   Spitzflöte 61 8   Krummhorn 61 2   Octave 61 4   Rohr Schalmei 61 1 1/3   Larigot 61     Tremulant   1   Super Octave 61                         Bombarde Organ (Manual IV) – 61 notes 8   Clarabella Flute * 61 16   Contra Bombarde 61 8   Gambe * 61 8   Bombarde 61 8   Gambe Celeste * 61 4   Bombarde Clairon 61 8   Clarinet * 61 8   Trompette en chamade 61     Cornet de Récit V ranks ?     * enclosed with Choir (when engaged, these stops transfer to Choir manual)     Grand Fourniture V-VIII ranks ?                     Pedal Organ – 32 notes 32   Contre Violone [ext.] 12 2   Flachflöte 32 32   Untersatz 32     Gros Sesquialtera II ranks 64 16   Principal 32     Fourniture IV ranks 128 16   Erben Principal GT     Scharff III ranks 96 16   Violone 32 32   Contra Bombarde [ext.] 12 16   Bourdon 32 16   Bombarde 32 16   Lieblich Gedeckt SW 16   Hautbois SW 8   Principal 32 8   Trumpet 32 8   Spitzflöte 32 8   Hautbois SW 8   Gedeckt 32 4   Clairon [ext.] 32 4   Choral Bass 32 4   Rohr Schalmei POS 4   Blockflöte 32                         CHANCEL ORGAN                 Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes 16   Bourdon 61     Mixture IV ranks 244 8   Diapason 61     Cymbale III ranks 183 8   Flute 61 8   Trumpet 61 4   Octave 61                         Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes, enclosed 8   English Diapason 61     Fourniture IV ranks 244 8   Viole d'Gamba 61 16   Double Basson 61 8   Viole Celeste 61 8   Cornopean 61 8   Chimney Flute 61 8   Clarinet 61 4   Conical Principal 61 4   Clarion 61 4   Harmonic Flute 61     Tremulant   2   Gemshorn 61                         Positiv Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes 8   Stopped Diapason 61     Sesquialtera II ranks 122 4   Chimney Flute 61     Tremulant   2   Flute 61                         Fanfare Organ (Manual IV) – 61 notes 16   Fanfare Trumpet [TC] —         8   Fanfare Trumpet 61         4   Fanfare Trumpet [ext.] 12                         Pedal Organ – 32 notes 16   Double Open Diapason 32 4   Super Octave 32 16   Bourdon GT     Mixture IV ranks 128 8   Principal 32 32   Gross Cornet [derived] — 8   Gedeckt 32 16   Trombone 32   Dr. Channing Lefebvre at the Skinner console Ernest M. Skinner Company Boston, Mass. – Opus 408 (1923) Electro-pneumatic key, stop and combination action 4 manuals, 74 stops, 71 ranks, 4,630 pipes                 GALLERY ORGAN                 Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes 16   Diapason 61 4   Octave 61 8   First Diapason 61 4   Flute 61 8   Second Diapason 61 2   Fifteenth 61 8   Erzahler 61     Mixture III ranks 183 8   Claribel Flute 61 8   Tromba 61                 Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes, enclosed 16   Diapason 73     Mixture III ranks 183 8   Clarabella 73  16   Trumpet 73 8   Salicional 73 8   Cornopean 73 8   Voix Celestes 73 8   Oboe 73 8   Flute Celeste II ranks 134 8   Clarion 73 4   Octave 73 8   Vox Humana 73 4   Flute 73     Tremolo   2   Flautino 73                         Choir Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, enclosed 8   Diapason 61 2 2/3   Nazard 61 8   Chimney Flute 61 8   English Horn 61 4   Flute 61     Tremolo   4   Piccolo 61                         Solo Organ (Manual IV) – 61 notes, enclosed 8   Gamba 73 8   Tuba 73 8   Gamba Celeste 73 8   French Horn 73 8   Flute 73 4   Clarion 73 16   Ophecleide 73     Tremolo   8   Tuba Mirabilis 73                       Pedal Organ – 32 notes 32   Diapason [Erben] 32 4   Flute [ext.] 12 16   Diapason [ext.] 12 32   Bombarde [ext.] 12 16   Diapason GT  16   Trombone 32 16   Bourdon 32 16   Posaune SW 8   Octave [ext.] 12 8   Tromba [ext.] 12 8   Gedeckt [ext.] 12 4   Clarion [ext.] 12                 CHANCEL ORGAN                 Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes 8   First Diapason 61  4   Octave 61 8   Second Diapason 61 4   Flute 61 8   Wald Flute 61                         Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes, enclosed 8   Bourdon 73 4   Flute 73 8   Diapason 73   Mixture III ranks 183 8   Salicional 73 8   Cornopean 73 8   Gedeckt 73 8   Corno d'Amore 73 8   Aeoline 73     Tremolo   8   Unda Maris 73                         Choir Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, enclosed 8   Dulciana [Large Scale] 61 8   Clarinet 61 8   Melodia 61     Tremolo   4   Flute 61                         Pedal Organ – 32 notes 16   Sub Bass 32 8   Octave [ext.] 12 16   Bourdon 32 8   Still Gedeckt SW 16   Echo Lieblich SW           Gallery Organ: Hook & Hastings Co. Boston, Mass. – Opus 2168 (1907) Electro-pneumatic action 4 manuals, 56 stops The Henry Erben console was rebuilt in 1907 by Hook & Hastings of Boston. New drawstops were added, but the differing length keyboards were retained.   Chancel Organ: Hook & Hastings Co. Boston, Mass. – Opus 1923 (1901) Electro-pneumatic action 3 manuals, 20 stops, 26 ranks In 1901, Hook & Hastings installed a new organ and case in the chancel, resusing some of the parts from the previous 1864 Hall & Labagh organ. The following specification was recorded by Lynnwood Farnam (1885-1930), noted concert organist of the early 20th century, in one of his "Organ Notebooks." Farnam included two additional comments:                                         Very poor organ                                         Wretched reeds.                   Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes 8   Open Diapason 61   4   Flute 61 8   Gamba 61   2   Fifteenth 61 8   Melodia 61   8   Trumpet 61 4   Principal 61                             Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes, enclosed 16   Bourdon Bass 12   4   Flute Harmonique 61 16   Bourdon Treble 49   4   Violina 61 8   Open Diapason 61       Dolce Cornet, 3 ranks 183 8   Salicional 61   8   Cornopean 61 8   Dolce 61   8   Oboe 61 8   Stopped Diapason 61       Tremulant                     Choir Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes 8   Geigen Principal 61   8   Viole d'Amour 61 8   Hohl Flute 61   4   Flute 61                   Pedal Organ – 32 notes 16   Sub Bass 32   8   Violoncello 32 8   Open Diapason 32                             Couplers     Swell to Pedal         Swell to Great 16, 8, 4       Great to Pedal         Choir to Great 16, 8, 4       Choir to Pedal         Swell to Choir 8       Pedal to Pedal 4'                               Accessories     3 pistons to Swell & Pedal   General release     3 pistons to Great & Pedal   Great to Pedal reversible     2 pistons to Choir & Pedal   Combination adjuster pedal   Chancel Organ: Hall & Labagh New York City (1864) Mechanical action 2 manuals, 15 stops, 17 ranks This organ was installed in the chancel to accompany the choir.         Great (Manual I) – 65 notes (CC-e4) 8   Open Diapason 65 4   Principal 65 8   Melodia [st. basses] 65 2   Fifteenth 65 8   Gamba 65 8   Trumpet 65 4   Flute 65             Swell Organ (Manual II) – 42 notes (c-f3), enclosed 16   Bordun [from c] 42 4   Principal 42 8   Open Diapason 42   Cornet, 3 ranks 126 8   Dulciana 42 8   Oboe 42         Pedal – 29 notes (CC-e) 16   Bordun 29     8   Violoncello 29           1896 watercolor of Erben case Henry Erben New York City (1846) Revised and enlarged by Hilborne L. Roosevelt (1885) and J.H. & C.S. Odell (1889) Mechanical and pneumatic key and stop action 4 manuals, 37 stops, 43 ranks   1885 console (rev. by Roosevelt)   In 1885, Hilborne L. Roosevelt was contracted to provide new keyboards and keys. Roosevelt also changed the drawknob panels to a diagonal position, and the stops were made to draw toward the performer. Pneumatic action was applied to the Great Organ, keys and couplers, and seven combination pedals were added: 3 for the Great, 2 for the Swell, and 2 for the Pedal. In 1889, J.H. & C.S. Odell installed a C. and C. electric motor of 3 h.p. to the bellows. The Odells also supplied new pipes to most of the reeds.               Great Organ (Manual II) – 66 notes (CCC-f3) 8   Open Diapason [larger]   3   Twelfth 8   Open Diapason [smaller]   2   Fifteenth 8   Stopped Diapason       Sesquialtera, 3 ranks 4   Principal [larger]       Mixture, 3 ranks 4   Principal [smaller]   8   Trumpet 4   Flute   4   Clarion               Swell Organ (Manual III) – 78 notes (CCC-f3) 8   Bordun       Swell Bass [outside the box] 8   Dulciana   8   Dulciana 8   Open Diapason   8   Serpent 8   Stopped Diapason         4   Principal             Cornet, 5 ranks         8   Oboe         8   Trumpet         8   Vox Humana                       Choir Organ (Manual I) – 66 notes (CCC-f3), 54 pipes [lowest octave silent] 8   Stopped Diapason   4   Flute 8   Dulciana   2   Fifteenth 4   Principal   8   Clarinet and bassoon               Solo Organ (Manual IV) – 54 notes (CC-f3) 16   Æoline   4   Harmonic Flute 8   Horn Diapason   8   Cornopean 8   Melodia   4   Clarion 8   Gamba                       Pedal Organ – 30 notes (CCC-f), 42 pipes 32   Open Diapason               Engraving of Organ Loft published in Harper's Weekly, January 1882 Henry Erben New York City (1846) Mechanical action 3 manuals, 31 stops (original specification) In 1846, Henry Erben built a monumental organ for the new Trinity Church in conjunction with Dr. Edward Hodges, organist and choirmaster. The total cost was $10,501.72. Over the next three decades, Erben maintained and made changes to the organ. In 1866, Erben was paid $3000 to clean and tune the pipes, reduce the size of the lower octave of pedal pipes (which had been unsuccessful), install a 30-note pedalboard along with additional pipes, straighten the Choir organ box, and install a new Solo Organ. The new Solo division consisted of an Æolina (16), Horn Diapason, Melodia, Gamba, and Harmonic Flute (4). In 1868, Erben decided to raise the pitch of the organ without consulting the vestry; after discussion, Erben was allowed to proceed with his plan, and was paid another $3000. In 1874, Erben installed a new 8' Cornopean in the Solo, moved the Swell 4' Clarion to the Solo, added a Vox Humana where the Swell Clarion had been, added a Tremulant on the Swell, revoiced the Swell Bass Serpent and added new tongues, and revoiced the Great Diapasons and Principals.               Great Organ – 65 notes (CC-e3, 5½ octaves)   Open Diapason, larger   Twelfth   Open Diapason, smaller   Fifteenth   Stopt Diapason   Sesquialtera, 3 ranks   Flute   Furniture, 3 ranks   Principal, larger   Trumpet   Principal, smaller   Clarion               Swell Organ – 42 notes (c-e3, 2 octaves)   Stopt Double Diapason   Cornet   Open Diapason   Hautboy   Stopt Diapason   Trumpet   Dulciana   Clarion   Principal                   Swell Bass – 25 notes (CC-c, 2 octaves, the upper C connected with Pedals only)   Dulciana           Serpent                       Choir Organ – 53 notes (C-e3, 4½ octaves, the lowest octave with no pipes, permanently coupled to Swell Bass)   Dulciana   Fifteenth   Stopt Diapason   Clarionet treble   Principal   Bassoon bass   Flute                   Pedal – 25 notes (CC-c, 2 octaves) 32   Open Double Diapason (wood)         16   Open Double Diapason (wood)                       Couplers     Great to Pedal, unison       Choir to Great     Great to Pedal, ocatave       Swell to Choir, unison     Swell to Pedal       Swell to Choir, octave     Choir to Pedal       Pedal, unison     Swell to Great, unison       Pedal, octaves     Swell to Great, octave           Henry Holland London, England (1791) Mechanical key and stop action 3 manuals, 19 stops In 1791, an organ built by Henry Holland of London was installed in the second (1790-1839) Trinity Church. Both the organ and church were destroyed by fire in 1776.                 Great Organ – 58 notes (GG, AA–f3)   Open Diapason 58   Sesquialtra, 3 ranks 174   Open Diapason to gamut G 46   Cornet, 4 ranks 232   Night Horn 58   Trumpet 58   Fifteenth 58                     Swell Organ – 35 notes (Tenor G to F)     Open Diapason 35   Cornet ?     Stop Diapason 35     Trumpet 35     Principal 35     Hautboy 35               Choir Organ – 58 notes (GG,AA–f3) (permanently coupled to Great)             Stop Diapason 58     Flute 58     Dulceano 58     Cremona 58     Principal 58           John Snetzler London, England (1764 or 1765) Mechanical key and stop action 3 manuals, 25 stops The first organ in Trinity Church was built by John Snetzler of London, and installed in the original (1698-1776) Trinity Church. No exact specification of this organ is known to exist.               Great Organ – 57 notes     Open Metal Diapason 57   Tierce 57     Open Metal Diapason [smaller] 57   Sesquialtera, 4 ranks 228     Stopped Diapason 57   Cornet, 5 ranks [treble] 145     Principal 57   Fourniture, 3 ranks 195     Twelfth 57   Trompette 65     Fifteenth 57   Clarion 65               Swell Organ – treble, from tenor g     Open Metal Diapason 34   Cornet, 3 ranks 102     Stop Metal Diapason 34   Trompette 34     Principal 34   Hautboy 34               Choir Organ – 57 notes     Open Metal Diapason 57   Fifteenth 57     Stop Diapason 57   Cromorne 57     Principal 57   Vox Humana 57     Flute 57       Sources:     Aeolian-Skinner Archives: http://aeolian-skinner.110mb.com/     Dolkart, Andrew S. and Matthew A. Postal. Guide to New York City Landmarks (Third Edition). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004.     Dunlap, David. From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.     Holden, Dorothy. The Life and Work of Ernest M. Skinner. Richmond: The Organ Historical Society, 1987.     Farnam, Lynnwood. "Organ Notebook," p.988 (specification of Hook & Hastings chancel organ, Op. 1901). John de Lancie Library, The Curtis Institute of Music, Philadelphia; Sally Branca, archivist; courtesy Jonathan Bowen.     Kinzey, Allen, and Sand Lawn, comps. E.M. Skinner/Aeolian-Skinner Opus List. New Rev. Ed. Richmond: The Organ Historical Society, 1997.     Messiter, Arthur Henry. A History of the Choir and Music of Trinity Church, New York. New York: Edwin S. Gorham, 1906.     Ochse, Orpha. The History of the Organ in the United States. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975.     Ogasapian, John. English Cathedral Music in New York: Edward Hodges of Trinity Church. Richmond: The Organ Historical Society, 1994.     Ogasapian, John. Organ Building in New York City: 1700-1900. Braintree: The Organ Literature Foundation, 1977, p.192.     "Some Early Organs in New York City Described Vividly," The Diapason, vol. 48, no. 7 (June 1957), p.16.     "Stop, Open and Reed – a Periodical Presentation of Pipe Organ Progress". Boston: Skinner Organ Company, 1922-1927: Dr. Channing Lefebvre. Photos/images:     American Architect and Building News, (May 23, 1896): watercolor of Erben case; courtesy John Rust.     Farnam, Lynnwood: Hook & Hastings chancel case (1901); gallery console (1907); Skinner console (1923); courtesy Jonathan Bowen.     Harper's Weekly, January 1882: engraving of organ loft.     Lawson, Steven E.: Marshall & Ogletree Ruffatti console; church interior.     The Organ Historical Society: Erben console.     "Stop, Open and Reed – a Periodical Presentation of Pipe Organ Progress": Dr. Channing Lefebvre.     Trupiano, Larry: Hilborne L. Roosevelt revised console (1885).   | NYC AGO Home Page | Back to NYC Organ Project List |